本期節(jié)目的問題
I notice that whenever a native speaker of English describes something with an adjective then the contrary adjective would follow, and it will appear in the comparative form. Take 'small' for example: "This car is small for me. I need a bigger one.", "This shirt is small. I can't put it on. I need a larger one." Can't we just say "I need a big/ large one"? Looking forward to your reply.
Lizzy, Shanghai, China
內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介
Bigger 是 big 的比較級(jí);larger 是 large 的比較級(jí)。怎么判斷何時(shí)該使用形容詞的比較級(jí)而不是原形呢?關(guān)鍵看兩個(gè)要素。第一:有沒有參照物;第二:有沒有“太怎么樣”的詞語做前提。另外就是要根據(jù) 正常的思維邏輯來確定使用什么形容詞。比如 Lizzy 列舉的第二句話說“這件襯衫太小”,既然太小,當(dāng)然需要換一件大一些的。
形容詞萬一使用不當(dāng),還會(huì)引起誤會(huì)或不愉快,就像本期節(jié)目最后的情景對(duì)話所展示的。為什么 Lucy 抱歉?她又是如何糾正自己的“口誤”的?聽節(jié)目錄音,看形容詞使用之妙處。
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文字稿
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Yang Li
大家好,我是楊莉。歡迎收聽BBC英語教學(xué)節(jié)目《你問我答》。每期節(jié)目,我們都會(huì)回答朋友們發(fā)送來的一個(gè)問題。上海的 Lizzy 提出了一個(gè)和形容詞比較級(jí)用法相關(guān)的問題。請(qǐng) Alice 帶讀:
Question
This is Lizzy from Shanghai, China. I notice that whenever a native speaker of English describes something with an adjective then the contrary adjective would follow, and it will appear in the comparative form. Take 'small' for example:
This car is small for me. I need a bigger one.
This shirt is small. I can't put it on. I need a larger one.
Can't we just say 'I need a big/large one'? Looking forward to your reply.
Best regards,
Lizzy
Yang Li
謝謝 Lizzy。這個(gè)問題很有意思。這是外國(guó)人學(xué)英語時(shí)經(jīng)常會(huì)犯的一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤,而且往往說錯(cuò)了還意識(shí)不到。本期節(jié)目我們就一起來把這個(gè)問題掰開揉碎地看一看,推敲一下Lizzy 列舉兩個(gè)句子里為什么要使用bigger 和larger.
第一句:“This car is small for me. 這個(gè)車對(duì)我來說小?!?。設(shè)定了前提,小怎么辦?必然是需要一個(gè)大一點(diǎn)的 – “I need a bigger one.”。這里的 bigger 其實(shí)相對(duì)的是 too small,這樣理解的話,這個(gè)話完整的說應(yīng)該是:
Example
This car is too small for me. I need a bigger one.
Yang Li
如果把這句話里的形容詞比較級(jí)換成原形 big 那聽上去就是:
Example
This car is small for me. I need a big one.
Yang Li
這句話的意思是“這輛車小,我需要一輛大車?!?。但“大車”到底是什么概念?是五人座還是七人座,還是更大的車,也許講話的人自己知道他所說的大車是什么車,但是別人并不清楚??墒侨绻f a bigger car,就有一個(gè)明確的參照物,相對(duì)太小的這輛車而言更大一點(diǎn)的車。
第二句話也是同一個(gè)道理“This shirt is too small,I can't put it on. 這件襯衣太小,我穿不上?!?。注意,我給原句加上了一個(gè)表示程度的副詞 too 表示“太小”的“太”。這是因?yàn)橐话闱闆r下英國(guó)人都會(huì)這么說 –“This shirt is too small, I can't put it on.”這件襯衣太小怎么辦?當(dāng)然是換一件大一些的。所以后半句就是“I need a larger one.”。這和第一個(gè)例句的思維邏輯是一樣的。設(shè)想你到商店去買衣服,你跟售貨員說我要一件大的,人家必然得問你,多大才合適,是大號(hào),還是特大號(hào)?那你就會(huì)指著手里拿著的這件衣服說“I want a bigger one than the one I have just tried on. 比我剛試的這件再大一些的?!?。這就是暗含的比較,是有參照物的比較,所以要使用形容詞的比較級(jí) larger。我們?cè)侔堰@句話完整聽一遍:
Example
This shirt is too small. I can't put it on. I need a larger one.
Yang Li
所以在決定是不是需要用形容詞的比較級(jí)時(shí)要考慮兩點(diǎn):有沒有參照物;是不是跟在“太”怎么樣這個(gè)副詞的后面。下面我們做一個(gè)練習(xí)。設(shè)想你去商店買自行車,手里只有五百塊錢。那么任何超過五百元的車子對(duì)你來說都是太貴了。這個(gè)“太貴”怎么表達(dá)? 接著,你會(huì)怎樣去跟服務(wù)員詢問?請(qǐng)聽對(duì)話:
Example
A: Hi, this is our latest model with 8 gears.
B: How much is it?
A: 800 yuan.
B: Oh, that's too expensive for me. Do you have anything cheaper, below 500 yuan?
A: Yes we do. How about this one? It is quite popular with young people of your age. It's ??only 200.
A: Well, I do want something cheaper but not that cheap, it looks like it's for kids.
B: I'm sorry, let me find you another one.
Yang Li
我前面說了如果該用比較級(jí)的時(shí)候,你卻用了形容詞的原形,很可能造成講話失誤或引起對(duì)方不愉快,使用得當(dāng)會(huì)讓對(duì)方感到愉悅。請(qǐng)聽下面的對(duì)話:看你能不能聽出來為什么 Lucy 道歉,并糾正了自己? ?
Example
Simon: So do you cycle to work?
Lucy: Yes, it's much cheaper than taking the Tube.
Simon: It's good exercise too.
Lucy: Do you cycle?
Simon: I used to. I once competed in the London Sky ride and I won the second prize.
Lucy: Wow, I didn't know you were so good at sports when you were young.
Simon: Do you mean I am old now?
Lucy: Sorry Simon. What I meant to say was when you were younger.
Simon: Haha, I'm only joking.
Yang Li
Lucy 說話不小心,用了“when you were young”意思是“在你年輕的時(shí)候”含義是 Simon 現(xiàn)在老了;所以當(dāng) Simon 反問“我現(xiàn)在老了嗎”的時(shí)候,Lucy 馬上道歉并糾正了自己,她把“young”改成了“younger”,意思是“你更為年輕的時(shí)候”,談話的氣氛立刻就不一樣啦。
實(shí)際上,我聽過好幾次中國(guó)學(xué)生犯同樣的毛病,而且還沒有意識(shí)到。雖然這不是一個(gè)語法上的毛病,但很多人都不愿意聽到別人說自己老了,所以這是一個(gè)社交禮節(jié)上的常識(shí),由此可見形容詞比較級(jí)的使用也很微妙啊。
好了,今天就講到這兒。別忘了有問題隨時(shí)聯(lián)系我們,questions.chinaelt@bbc.co.uk。再次感謝 Lizzy 的問題。也謝謝各位收聽,我是楊莉。下次的《你問我答》節(jié)目再會(huì)。